By Sally Phillips and Anne Garee
When an institution is ready to purchase a large number of new pianos, one of the major decisions to be made is whether to buy all from a single manufacturer, or to maintain a diverse inventory of instruments of many brands. The decision has artistic, technical, financial, institutional, and, often, political dimensions. On the single-brand side, probably best known is the All-Steinway School program, with more than 150 institutions participating. The College of Music at Florida State University is one of the largest music schools in the country to maintain a diverse inventory of many brands. Below, proponents of the two schools of thought put their best feet forward to explain the reasons behind their respective choices. — Editor
The All-Steinway School Program
by Sally Phillips
Recently, I asked pianists, technicians, and administrators from All-Steinway Schools to talk about Steinways in general, and the impact the All-Steinway School program has had on their schools, performances, and teaching. To my surprise, instead of dry e-mails containing boilerplate comments, I received voluminous e-mails and lengthy, enthusiastic phone calls from pianists and technicians. This article explains the All-Steinway School program, and explores the reasons why these professionals are so passionate about Steinway pianos, particularly in the institutional setting.
The All-Steinway School designation is given by Steinway & Sons when an institution meets certain criteria concerning ownership and maintenance of Steinway and Steinway-designed pianos. Steinway & Sons manufactures Steinway pianos in New York and Hamburg, Germany, and also sells the Steinway-designed brands Boston and Essex, made in Asia. Below are highlights of the All-Steinway School program:
Each All-Steinway School in North America must have an inventory of at least 10 pianos, although some schools have over 200. Ninety percent of the pianos must be Steinway, Boston, or Essex. The 10% leeway allows for such things as gifts of pianos to the school by alumni, historical instruments, and instruments that for other reasons are considered desirable to retain.
The requirements for being designated an All-Steinway School are created to ensure that pianists perform on, and students take lessons and practice on, Steinway pianos. For this reason, all performance spaces, piano teaching studios, and practice rooms for piano majors must be equipped with Steinway pianos.*
Teaching studios, classrooms, and practice rooms that cater to other instrumentalists, or to students not majoring in piano, may be equipped with Boston or Essex pianos, although it should be noted that some schools have chosen to have Steinway pianos in these rooms as well. At present, the only Essex model allowed is the 48″ model 123S institutional upright. Allowing Boston and Essex pianos to be placed in noncritical locations decreases somewhat the cost to the school of becoming “All-Steinway” without jeopardizing the program’s major purpose, stated above.
It is essential to the reputation of both the institution and Steinway & Sons that all pianos in an All-Steinway School be kept in performance-quality condition. For this reason, a Steinway-approved maintenance program must be in place. As part of the maintenance requirement, the schools must have an approved number of technicians, and these technicians must participate in Steinway’s technical training programs. If the maintenance requirement is not met, Steinway & Sons reserves the right to remove the All-Steinway designation.
*The program requirements are subject to change. Until recently, for example, Steinways were recommended for practice rooms for piano majors, but were not mandatory.
Why Steinway?
Pianists and technicians gave a number of reasons why they prefer Steinway pianos for institutional use, among them the instruments’ durability, stability, serviceability, and the technical support available from the manufacturer; their musical qualities for performance and teaching; and their versatility and malleability to accommodate diverse musical styles and personal tastes.
Durability, Stability, Serviceability, and Technical Support
“When you see what happens in practice rooms every day, you come to appreciate the materials that go into the Steinway,” says John Ellis, head piano technician at the Curtis Institute of Music, in Philadelphia, an All-Steinway School since 1924, with 93 Steinways, of which 22 were recently purchased. Ellis, who has worked almost exclusively on Steinways for the last 25 years, says that if he were buying pianos for a school, he would insist on Steinways because of their durability, as well as their tuning stability. The reason for the Curtis Institute’s initial decision to purchase Steinways belongs to history, but the recent purchase was made based on that experience.
Scott Higgins, at the University of Georgia’s Hodgson School of Music, in Athens, Georgia, takes care of more than 100 Steinways. He said he would not have applied for the job had it not been at an All-Steinway School. Higgins, who has had a lot of experience at the university level, was very complimentary about the longevity of the pianos. “Take a look at a 10-year-old Steinway in a practice room, and you’ll see a piano that has been pounded mercilessly and holds up remarkably,” he volunteered.
Pianists, too, have taken note of Steinways’ exceptional stability and durability. Lydia Artymiw, a Steinway Artist since 1973, is currently the Distinguished McKnight Professor of Piano at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, an All-Steinway School since 2005. Artymiw says that Minnesota’s harsh climate proved too difficult for other brands purchased in the years before the School of Music became an All-Steinway School, and that the Steinways have performed remarkably well under the extremely dry conditions during the school year.
The technicians I spoke with agreed that it’s this almost indestructible construction quality that sets these pianos apart for institutional applications. The sheer mass of exceptional materials, the quality of which has not changed substantially since the development of the modern Steinway around the turn of the 20th century, also makes the instruments worth rebuilding when they eventually wear out. The oldest Steinways at Curtis were built in the 1890s, but have since been restored at the Steinway factory and are still in daily use today.
John Cavanaugh, head technician at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music, in Oberlin, Ohio, is in charge of an extraordinary 235 Steinway grands. Oberlin has the distinction of being the oldest All-Steinway School — since 1877 — with the oldest piano currently in use dating from 1883. Cavanaugh, a true example of the technician in the trenches, has many Steinways older than he to be kept working at optimum levels. He says that, at Oberlin, sets of hammers and shanks are budgeted to be replaced every three years because of the huge amount of use they get. The Oberlin technicians rebuild their own Steinways, and Cavanaugh notes that Steinways of all ages, even the much-criticized ones from the 1960s and ‘70s, present no special problems in the rebuilding process. Cavanaugh also credits the Oberlin administration for his success in managing the huge workload by giving him the budget to properly maintain the pianos.
Cavanaugh, Higgins, and others also credit Steinway for the company’s technical support, and laud it for its ongoing technical refinements to the pianos. Higgins, who has also serviced all the Steinways for the Spoleto Festival since 1987, mentions especially the recent action refinements, noting that the new parts fit all the older pianos. He finds it amazing that he can order parts for a 1920s-era Steinway and, in days, get exactly what he needs from the factory. Christopher Purdy, the technician at Middle Tennessee State University, another All-Steinway School, who services more than 60 Steinways, says that the technical support offered by the Steinway technical training academy “has complemented my 30 years of experience nicely, and helped provide me with everything I need to keep a large music school playing.”
Musical Qualities for Performance and Teaching
Of course, the finest pianos use materials and construction techniques chosen not only for their durability, but also for optimal acoustical and performance properties. Judging by the comments I received, Steinway’s choices in these regards have amply fulfilled all of those objectives.
Some, like renowned pianist and Naxos recording artist Steven Mayer, who teaches at the Lamont School of Music at the University of Denver, wax rhapsodic about the Steinway. Mayer cites its “steak-rich tone, different in each of the piano’s registers, as well as its mechanical ability to convey tonal nuance with subtlety and huge and lasting sonority. As long as humans retain the innate potential to differentiate complex emotion and beauty from adrenal rush and dry intellect, Steinway will be king.” Oberlin pianist Peter Takacs says, “A beautiful instrument is like a great automobile: responsive, nuanced, powerful, and, ultimately, exhilarating. Anyone who has played a Stradivarius or a Steinway, or has heard Maria Callas sing, will instantly know that unequaled pleasure.”
Others are less poetic in their descriptions, but no less ardent. Lydia Artymiw, of the University of Minnesota, uses the word strong to describe the projection and orchestra-cutting power available to the pianist with a Steinway concert grand. She describes the singing tone in all registers, especially the treble, and the depth of the bass sound, as elements that allow the pianist to re-create the orchestral quality needed for the major piano repertoire. She also relishes the crisp articulations and wonderful repetition that a pianist can achieve on a well-regulated Steinway. Artymiw emphasizes that the listener’s experience is enhanced by the pianist’s increased control over the sound. She cherishes her memories of the best Steinways she has enjoyed over the years, noting that half the pressure to provide the audience with a top-quality musical experience is eliminated by the presence of a great piano. John Ellis, of the Curtis Institute, raves about the new, improved hammers just installed in one of their concert grands. He says that, for the first time, the disparate opinions of the faculty have merged into an agreement: Everyone likes the sound.
But while the presence of great concert pianos is important to a university or conservatory, perhaps the greatest contribution that Steinways make in an institutional setting is in the teaching and practice studios. Pianist Sandra Rivers, Professor of Collaborative Piano at the Cincinnati College Conservatory of Music, is enthusiastic about the improvement in the piano department because of the purchase of Steinways in 2008. Rivers states that, in her opinion, the level of the students’ work and their ability to re-create what their teachers ask of them have been considerably elevated by the new instruments, and that it’s a huge advantage to be able to demonstrate on a performance instrument exactly what you want the student to accomplish. Now, she says, the quality of the pianos matches the expertise of the faculty. Rivers, who has shared the stage with such artists as Itzhak Perlman, Kathleen Battle, Joshua Bell, and Nadja Salerno-Sonnenberg, purchased a new Steinway Model B for her personal use because she was so impressed with the quality of the new pianos at the school.
Oberlin faculty member Haewon Song concurs: “My work as an artist-teacher at Oberlin is made immeasurably easier by having a wealth of Steinways for faculty and students. We are also blessed with fabulous technicians, and that really makes everything work.” At Columbus State University, in Columbus, Georgia, piano major Hsin-I Huang summed up the impact of the pianos on the students. He says he didn’t realize how inadequate his piano at home was until he had the opportunity to practice daily on the Steinways at the school. “If you can imagine the sound, you can effortlessly achieve it.”
Sandra Rivers also emphasized that most of the high-level pianos the students will one day play as professionals, especially in performance, are likely to be Steinways — virtually every concert hall of any importance has a Steinway, and you don’t have to be a Steinway Artist to play one. Therefore, according to Rivers, learning to work with Steinways in a school setting is very important. Steven Mayer shares Rivers’s sentiment, adding, “It’s not an accident that the majority of the world’s greatest pianists through the ages have played the Steinway. . . . Given exposure to the piano’s golden age through recordings and proper teaching, I have found that talented young pianists will recognize the value of the Steinway’s properties.” Mayer says that he is grateful that one of the most beautiful Model B Steinways he’s ever played sits in his studio at the Lamont School.
Versatility and Malleability
Although there are many brands of piano with beautiful tone, some are quite limited in their appeal and application, both as to pianist and to repertoire. Steinways, on the other hand, are well known for their versatility as to repertoire, and their ability to be voiced to the preferences of individual artists. According to Artymiw, the ability to use the same instrument for a solo piano concert, or a concerto, or for a vocal recital without overpowering the singer, is one of the Steinway’s great virtues.
Furthermore, in the university setting, intimate relationships develop between pianist and piano, and between piano and technician: learning what each pianist prefers, the technician eventually customizes the piano to the pianist’s taste. The technicians I spoke with pointed to this tonal malleability as the key to why so many pianists fall in love with Steinways. Some of the piano faculty with whom I spoke had played the same piano in their studio for years — ample time to become accustomed to each nuance of sound, and sensitive to incredibly small changes in tonal quality. One faculty member said that the worst thing about his impending retirement would be saying goodbye to “his” Steinway, his “best friend for over a third of a century.”
Teachers are not the only ones to fall in love with their Steinways; students do too. The Curtis Institute shows an enormous consideration for the needs of pianists by traditionally providing Steinways for the use of its students in their homes while they study at Curtis. Piano technician Ellis is philosophical about taking care of not only the pianos in the school, but also the 30 or so Curtis-owned instruments placed in the homes of the student pianists, conductors, composers, and organists. He states that the students are extremely grateful for the use of the Steinways in their homes, and returning graduates often mention it on visits to the school, thanking him for taking such good care of the loaned instruments.
Ellis also tells the story of Mieczyslaw Horszowski, who performed until he was 100 years old. When asked how he got such a beautiful tone from every piano he played, he said, “You have to make friends with the piano.” Ellis feels that what makes the Steinway so valuable for the students is that they have the opportunity to practice and perform on pianos that are worthy of that bond.
Institutional Advantages
Although the principal advantages of using Steinways in institutions stem from the characteristics of the instruments themselves, administrators and development staff at All-Steinway Schools describe the program as having a domino effect on the entire music program that positively affects the recruitment of students and faculty. At the Cincinnati College Conservatory of Music, Professor Eugene Pridonoff says that the decision to purchase Steinways was “the final link in the completion of our new facility at CCM. We now hear from prospective students that their decision to attend CCM was due in great part to the quality of our pianos.”
Shortly after a gift of 68 Steinways to Columbus State University made becoming an All-Steinway School possible, Alexander Kobrin, the 2005 Van Cliburn winner, joined the faculty as the result of another gift endowing the position. Talented international student pianists followed. Rex Whiddon, Director of Principal Gifts and University Stewardship at CSU, himself a pianist and former President of the Music Teachers National Association, states unequivocally, “The Steinway pianos have been a significant part of the transformation that has made all of this possible.”
Over the past 35 years, piano technician Sally Phillips has worked in virtually every aspect of the piano industry — service, retail, wholesale, and manufacturing. In her role as a concert-piano technician, she has tuned and prepared pianos for concert and recording work in such venues as Town Hall, Alice Tully Hall, and the Kennedy Center, and for such orchestras as the Cincinnati Symphony, the BBC Concert Orchestra, and the Vienna Philharmonic. At present, Phillips lives in Kentucky and works throughout the southeastern U.S., including servicing the pianos at Columbus State University, in Columbus, Georgia, an All-Steinway School. She can be contacted at sphillipspiano@hotmail.com.
Strength in Numbers: Success With a Diverse Piano Inventory
by Anne Garee
“I’ve never heard of a Fazioli!”
When they take the stage at Florida State University’s popular summer piano camp, students often are surprised at what they find. They might just as well say, “I’ve never heard of a Bösendorfer!”
Or a Blüthner. Or a Wendl & Lung. Or a Sauter or a Seiler. The names go on.
Each June, FSU’s two-week Honors Piano Camp and Institute draws junior high and high school pianists from all over the U.S. and abroad. They not only get to study with a diverse group of instructors, they also get to play a stunning range of instruments representing piano makers the world over.
Now in my 29th year at FSU’s College of Music, first as piano technician and now as a faculty member, I have profoundly enjoyed working with these young pianists in a setting that has few peers in American academe. By the time they leave campus, these summer-camp students will have been immersed in both piano technology — in workshops in my own campus-based piano shop — and piano performance on five different stages. They will have explored new composers and repertoire, and played instruments that are seldom available to pianists anywhere. Access to such rare resources remains one of the top reasons many of these talented young visitors wind up choosing FSU as the platform from which to launch a musical career. This article explores the reasons for the success of our multi-brand piano inventory, and offers a sense of its ideal fit for the third-largest music school in the nation, and one of the most comprehensive.
During the academic year, my roles include serving as concert piano technician and program director for FSU’s Master of Arts in Piano Technology degree, one of the first in the U.S. Piano technicians who have received their primary piano-technology training at other institutions come into the FSU program to continue honing their skills in piano restoration, concert tuning and voicing, and grand-action balancing. These students are assigned a cross section of the college’s inventory of 240 pianos to manage throughout their two-year tenure. They soon become familiar faces in a variety of performance venues, faculty studios, classrooms, and practice rooms.
Young technicians can expect to encounter many unusual and eccentric pianos in their service careers. Given that the piano world is colored by countless technical vagaries, hands-on experience is a major emphasis of our program’s curriculum. When these students graduate, they will have worked with pianos made by Steinway & Sons (both New York and Hamburg), Mason & Hamlin, Baldwin, Yamaha, Kawai, Bösendorfer, Seiler, Sauter, Fazioli, Wendl & Lung (made by Hailun, a Chinese company), Charles R. Walter, and Blüthner. Students also care for four harpsichords, two clavichords, a fortepiano, and a continuo organ — historical instruments that serve our robust early-music program.
To defray the cost of their travel to conventions and piano factories, our students raise funds by taking on local piano-reconditioning projects sponsored by program donors. These instruments represent makers of long ago — Ivers & Pond, Kranich & Bach, Conover, and Hazelton are a few examples. Such old instruments provide unique glimpses into the storied past of piano design and manufacturing, and give students an invaluable perspective on the evolution of piano technology.
Steinway pianos are found on most of the world’s stages, including FSU’s. The university has five performance halls, and Steinway is represented in each. But in each of those venues, these fine instruments serve side by side with concert grands of other makers. This diversity is most appreciated by the members of our piano faculty, artists who come from very different backgrounds across the U.S., Canada, New Zealand, and Europe. Collectively, they’ve played a broad range of instruments that have served them well, from their childhoods through their disparate career paths. Our students discover how fascinating it is to work with these artists’ individual tonal palettes. Each is distinct, and defined not only by differences in language and cultural roots, but also by the different pianos these artists have connected with emotionally. As Dr. Read Gainsford, Associate Professor of Music at FSU, explains, “One of the most wonderful things about going to a very fine restaurant is the pairings the artistic chef can create between an array of wines and food. The opportunity for a pianist to create different pairings between pianos and music is a rare treat, and not one I should like to give up!”
Visiting artists, too, appreciate the choices they have at our college when they arrive here to perform. Joseph Kalichstein, Ann Schein, and Simone Dinnerstein are recent visitors to our stages who spent considerable time auditioning the pianos in the hall they performed in, and each eventually chose the Fazioli. Garrick Ohlsson performed here last spring and chose the Steinway in another one of our halls. Grammy award winner John Legend’s contract required a large Yamaha grand for his performances. We were able to accommodate this request for his recent performance in our largest hall.
Each fall, I have the opportunity to teach a survey class in piano technology for pianists and other interested students. One of the first things I ask these students is to tell me about the pianos to which they’ve developed a particular connection. Which pianos invite them to stay on the bench? Answers typically run the full gamut of manufacturers. Then I ask, “How many pianos have you played?” Not surprisingly, most have played only a dozen or so pianos in their young lives, and in predictable settings: the home, their teacher’s studio, their school or church.
Among these narrow experiences, opinions run very strong. Some students express a willingness to open up to let in new colors, others don’t. Some never hear tonal color at all. Some are entirely dependent on the opinions of professors and peers, and have not yet developed the courage to listen on their own. To address this, I often try an experiment: mask the brand names on the fallboards and gather opinions about the instruments. Players are usually surprised to discover which pianos really speak to them. It’s a wonderful example of leading students to the joy of thinking for themselves.
Our inventory of instruments spans nearly 250 years of piano history, starting with a copy of a 1780 Walter fortepiano, built by Barbara and Tom Wolfe — even longer, if you count our harpsichords. I’ve often suggested to pianists that they gather the courage to program a recital using one of our harpsichords, our fortepiano, and two contrasting modern pianos, and play a chronological program, from Bach to Zwilich, showcasing our evolutionary chain of instruments. Bringing composer, instruments, and performer together in this way can really open historical understanding in both the listener and the performer. Over the last few decades, the explosion of historically informed performances on period instruments, along with their associated historical tunings, has added enormous depth to our modern performances.
The piano was invented in Italy around 1700; in the three centuries since then, builders, composers, and performers have all put their stamps on schools of tone and touch, thereby creating a huge menu of designs and colors. The piano was prominently featured at 19th-century world’s fairs and expositions, at which each builder was exposed to and copied the best the world had to offer, further distilling the designs and colors available. The number of piano manufacturers swelled from dozens to hundreds during this time, and soon pianos began showing up in the salons and living rooms of not only the wealthy, but also of the burgeoning middle class. Suddenly, everyone had to have a piano.
But with the rise of other forms of home entertainment, and in the wake of two world wars and a depression, the number of piano makers worldwide dwindled, and the piano industry began on a path toward homogenization. Perhaps, with any run of a great object or idea, the journey toward sameness is inevitable. If so, finding a way to slow that trend, to keep a diverse stable of pianos with which students can develop their listening skills, seems a noble and worthy goal. As our dean, Dr. Don Gibson, says, “It’s essential for a large, comprehensive, collegiate music program to have broad diversity in its piano inventory. Given that the world of performance is populated by many different brands of piano, it seems critically important for aspiring piano students to be exposed to the broadest diversity of fine instruments.”
Maintaining a large, diverse piano inventory that broadly represents the piano industry through the ages is undeniably expensive and time-consuming. But at Florida State University, we have found it easy to justify the effort. This rare inventory enriches our curriculum, broadens the creative horizons of our students and faculty, and thus fits the mission of a large music college with a global reach in ways that no other approach ever could.
Here is a breakdown of the piano inventory at the Florida State University College of Music (all grands except as noted):
Five formal halls and four auxiliary performance venues
Büthner 1
Bösendorfer 225
Fazioli 228
Mason & Hamlin CC
Seiler 186
Steinway & Sons (New York and Hamburg) B, C, and D
Yamaha C6
Classrooms, seminar rooms, small-ensemble rooms, and practice rooms for piano majors
Baldwin R and L
Charles R. Walter 45 (vertical)
Kawai RX-2
Seiler 186
Steinway & Sons M and L
Wendl & Lung 178
Yamaha C3, C5, C6, S400E, G5, and U1 (vertical)
Studios for piano faculty
Baldwin SF-10
Steinway & Sons B
Studios for other music faculty
Baldwin R and L
Kawai KG-5
Steinway & Sons S through B
Yamaha U1 and U3 (verticals)
Other practice rooms (all verticals)
Baldwin 243
Kawai K50
Sauter 130
Seiler 116
Yamaha U1 and U3
Out of service — being restored
Mason & Hamlin A and AA
Steinway & Sons M, L, and B
Anne Garee, RPT, has been Piano Technician at Florida State University’s College of Music, in Tallahassee, since 1983. She also joined the faculty there in 2004, as Program Director of the Master of Arts in Piano Technology program, mentoring trained piano technicians. She holds a Bachelor of Music degree in Piano Performance from Bowling Green State University, in Ohio, where she also completed a three-year apprenticeship program, earning a Certificate in Piano Technology. A Registered Piano Technician with the Piano Technicians Guild, she is an active clinician in both the U.S. and Canada. She can be reached at agaree@fsu.edu.